Some Fiscal Space Available For Income Transfer To Farmers, Says Neelkanth Mishra

Credit Suisse believes that India does have some fiscal space to consider direct income transfers to farmers, which could prove to be the most effective way of addressing stress in the farm sector. Credit Suisse’s view diverges from the common refrain that no fiscal room is available for such a large transfer even though most agree that some steps need to be taken to address rural distress.

Globally many countries have resorted to income transfers and purchases of agricultural produce and India may need to go down the same route, wrote Neelkanth Mishra and Prateek Singh in a report dated Jan.15. “Income transfers have fewer side-effects, as these do not distort acreage allocation, and are also cheaper as inventory handling has its own costs,” wrote the authors.

But does India, struggling to meet pre-set fiscal goals, have the room to make such transfers? There is some room, the authors argued.

Credit Suisse notes that since the seventh pay commission hikes are now over, salary plus pension expenses would rise slower than nominal Gross Domestic Product till 2026. As a percentage of GDP, this spend would fall 30 basis points in financial year 2020 and 1.1 percentage point by financial year 2023.

While details of any such scheme are yet to be announced, an income transfer scheme that targets 5 crore rural households with monthly transfers of Rs 1,500 per month would mean about Rs 90,000 crore per year in expenditure. “Such a scheme may have a split of expenditure between the centre and the states, so it is only at an aggregate level that the fiscal math needs to be assessed.”

Credit Suisse also believes that the infrastructure is in place to identify beneficiaries and make the direct transfers. It points to the socio-economic cast census data which was used to identify households eligible for benefits under the rural housing scheme. There are several tens of millions of direct benefits transfer touch points for the rural employment guarantee scheme as well, the brokerage house added.

In assessing the impact of such an income transfer on the economy, Credit Suisse said that a lot would depend on the design of the scheme. However, with food being the largest part of consumption spending across low income segments, an impact on the food economy is likely.

One way this could play out is that demand for basic food items like milk, meat and eggs, as well as fruits and vegetables could rise. This, in turn, would have an impact on inflation and, therefore, the interest rate trajectory. The extent of impact would depend on the size of the stimulus.

The Counter View

In a report last week, Sajjid Chinoy, chief India economist at JPMorgan had argued it differently. “We think there is absolutely no space for new unfunded, liabilities,” Chinoy and Toshi Jain wrote in a report dated Jan.10.

India’s consolidated fiscal deficit has remained stuck close to 6.5 percent of GDP over the last five years – amongst the highest in the world -- despite the collapse in oil prices, the report pointed out. While the central government fiscal deficit has reduced from over 4.5 percent to close to 3.3-3.5 percent, the deficit at the state level and off-balancesheet liabilities have been rising.

All taken together, the total public sector borrowing (center, states, off-balance sheet, PSEs) across all sources (market and non-market) was 8.2 percent of GDP in 2017-18, exactly the level it was five years ago, and almost 0.5 percent of GDP (net of asset sales) higher than the previous year.